#Moca results interpretation serial#

The deficits of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia are associated with difficulties in daily independent functioning. Fluid intelligence deficits are common in patients with schizophrenia, and these deficits are often associated with cognitive impairment in this group. Fluid intelligence is a critical cognitive ability affecting a wide variety of daily activities. Conceptually, fluid intelligence has been linked to executive functioning and complex social behavior. These findings indicate that the TONI-4 has potential to be a reliable and valid assessment of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.įluid intelligence can be defined as the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations. The convergent validity of the TONI-4 was good. The results demonstrated that the TONI-4 had good test–retest reliability, limited random measurement error, and a trivial practice effect. Convergent validity showed small to moderate significant correlations between the TONI-4 and the MoCA as well as the T-SDMT ( r = 0.35, p = .011 with the T-SDMT and r = 0.61, p < .001 with the MoCA). The practice effect of the TONI-4 was small (Cohen’s d = − 0.03). The percentages of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for the TONI-4 were 5.1 and 14.2%, respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the TONI-4. We further used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Tablet-Based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) to examine the convergent validity of the TONI-4. MethodsĪ total of 103 patients with stable condition were assessed with the TONI-4 twice with a 4-week interval to examine the test–retest reliability. The purposes of this study were to examine the test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) assessing fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed.

#Moca results interpretation serial#

Only use the best score of either the serial 7 s or spelling WORLD backwards in the total MMSE score.Fluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. If more or less then 5 letters are given, then one point is deducted for each extra or missing letter. One point is given for each letter spelled in the correct order backwards to a maximum score of five. WORLD should first be spelled forwards to allow the correction of any mistakes and then backwards. The total score is the maximum number of lines that can be drawn without crossing any lines. The line method involves drawing lines to match the letters from the correct response (DLROW) and the response given by the patient. With the creation of the Standardized MMSE (SMMSE), the proposed and easiest way to score WORLD is using the “line method” (see figure 1). Marshal Folstein advised that the score is “the number of letters in the correct order,” however, this often led to incorrect scoring due to the numerous possible permutations. Originally, the creator of the MMSE, psychiatrist Dr. Spelling WORLD backwards is straightforward, but the scoring of it is often incorrect, even by experienced clinicians.